1. Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Sensory memory retains the brief impression of a sensory stimulus after the stimulus itself has ended. Which means that we human beings, retain vivid memories of what we have seen for a split second.
2. Give an example of sensory memory.
An example of sensory memory could be, when I am in class and Mr. Dougherty calls my name, I look at him and look back at my desk and still have a vivid memory of just a split second when Mr. Dougherty called my name.
3. What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
For visual stimuli, we have an extremely short 'photographic' memory (about 500 milliseconds), which gives us a persistent image. In hearing we have echoic memories, which are mental echoes of stimuli.
4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.
Short-term memory consists in storing and managing information required to carry out cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehending. Short-term memory involves the selection, initiation, and termination of information-processing. One test of short-term memory is memory span, the number of items, usually words or numbers that a person can hold onto and recall.
5. What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?
The magic number 7 +/- 2 was shown by George A. Miller. He chose this number to be a magic one since he discovered that most human beings retain up to 7 items which can be held in short-term memory at any one time. Furthermore, Miller showed that for example, we human beings tend to remember phone numbers in chunks of 2, instead of remembering 7 digits. In the end, Miller in his experiment, shows that we remember items easily by chunking.
6. What is chunking?
Chunking refers to the process of taking individual units of information and grouping them into larger units.
7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?
About two or three.
8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
Acoustic memory.
9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
Long-term memory is the relatively permanent memory store in which you hold information even when you are no longer attending to it. Its capacity is said to be unlimited and its duration to be a lifetime one.
10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory suggested that memory is organized into 3 divisions, sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory consists in us, human beings receiving information and being capable of restoring the majority of the information we received in future moments. Short-term memory consists in the low capacity of restoring information in our memories. Furthermore, long-term memory consists in us recalling vivid images and information of past information given to us. In the end, the model proposed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968 showed the structure of memory and in it it proposed that we human beings remember only small amounts of information we are given previously.
11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
• Much too linear.
• Its structure does not parallel well within the neurological explanations of where and how memory is stored.
• The model does not acknowledge the asynchronous nature of the neural activity which occurs between anatomical structures, such as the relationship between a neuron and a motor end-plate.
12. Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.
• Vision: Strongest recall value of all senses, and also allows the widest spectrum of levels-of-processing modifiers.
• Hearing: Within auditory stimuli, semantic analysis produces the highest levels of recall ability for stimuli.
• Touch: The less liable level of processing since a subject has no perspective on what he is shown, he/she is unable to determine the true obejct’s characteristics.
• Smell: Odor memory is weaker than visual memory, achieving a successful identification rate of only 70-80% of visual memory.
13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information. For example, when I study for vocabulary tests, I repeat the words over and over again to keep them a little longer in short-term memory.
14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.
Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over. For example, when I am given a vocabulary word I relate the sound of it to another word that relates to its definition. This makes it easier for me to hold the information for a longer period of time.
15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972 developed the levels of processing model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal.
Sources:
www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/.../memory.html
www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7142
www.psywww.com/.../atkinson-shiffrin_model.html
http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/AtkinsonShifrin.html
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